{"id":3686912,"date":"2026-08-04T10:00:09","date_gmt":"2026-08-04T07:00:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.arb.ro\/?p=3686912"},"modified":"2026-08-25T15:23:43","modified_gmt":"2026-08-25T12:23:43","slug":"mituri-despre-sistemul-bancar","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.arb.ro\/en\/mituri-despre-sistemul-bancar\/","title":{"rendered":"Mituri despre sistemul bancar"},"content":{"rendered":"
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De peste un sfert de secol citesc zilnic informa\u0163ii despre sistemul bancar \u015fi de fiecare dat\u0103 am tratat cu obiectivitate acest subiect. B\u0103ncile contribuie la dezvoltarea economiei \u015fi la cre\u015fterea bun\u0103st\u0103rii economice la nivel individual \u015fi comunitar \u00eens\u0103, de multe ori, sunt propagate \u00een spa\u0163iul public informa\u0163ii \u015fi mituri care deformeaz\u0103 adev\u0103rul \u015fi distorsioneaz\u0103 percep\u0163iile pri\u00advind func\u0163ionarea sistemului bancar. \u00centre subiectele transformate \u00een mituri se reg\u0103\u00adsesc \u015fi cele promovate astfel: profituri mari, dob\u00e2nzi ridicate la credite, ma\u00adnipulare dob\u00e2nzi, nu acord\u0103 suficiente cre\u00addite sau finan\u00ad\u0163eaz\u0103 doar statul, incluziunea finan\u00adciar\u0103 sc\u0103zut\u0103 din cauza comisioanelor etc.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Gabriela Folcu\u021b, Director Executiv - Asocia\u0163ia Rom\u00e2n\u0103 a B\u0103ncilor<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Mitul profiturilor mari<\/strong><\/p>

Avem scenariul cu doi antreprenori, \u00een care primul investe\u015fte \u00eentr-un restaurant cu o capacitate de 1.000 de locuri \u015fi al doilea antreprenor de\u0163ine un restaurant cu o capacitate de 100 de locuri. Profitul ob\u0163inut de primul restaurant este de zece ori mai mare comparativ cu al celui de al doilea, care are o capacitate de zece ori mai mic\u0103. \u00cel blama\u0163i pe primul antreprenor c\u0103 a investit mai mult \u015fi ob\u0163ine un profit mai mare?<\/p>

Dintre toate sectoarele economice, sistemul bancar de\u0163ine cele mai mari active la nivel na\u0163ional. Activele nete ale siste\u00admului bancar se cifreaz\u0103 la 969,5 miliarde lei la finele primului trimestru din anul 2026. Fondurile proprii de\u0163inute de b\u0103ncile persoane juridice rom\u00e2ne (87,85% din activele sistemului) erau de 88,5 miliarde lei la finele anului trecut. Profitul anual ob\u0163inut nu este suficient pentru o analiz\u0103 corect\u0103 \u015fi complet\u0103, ci trebuie analizat rezultatul net \u00een func\u0163ie de activele totale \u015fi capitalul investit pe o perioad\u0103 extins\u0103.<\/p>

\u00cen func\u0163ie de rentabilitatea activelor (ROA), sistemul bancar se pozi\u0163ioneaz\u0103 aproape de finele clasamentului sectoarelor din economia Rom\u00e2niei, locul 23 din 24. Sectorul bancar \u00eenregistra aproape cel mai sc\u0103zut rezultat din Rom\u00e2nia, din perspec\u00adtiva rentabilit\u0103\u0163ii activelor, de 1,7%, de aproxi\u00admativ 3,7 ori mai redus comparativ cu media na\u0163ional\u0103 de 6,3%, \u00een anul 2025. Din perspectiva rentabilit\u0103\u0163ii capitalului investit, sistemul bancar ocupa \u00een anul 2025 locul 11 \u00een topul sectoarelor din Rom\u00e2nia, cu ROE de 17,63%, fiind aproape de media la nivel na\u0163ional, de 16,7%.<\/p>

Rentabilitatea este \u00een sc\u0103dere \u015fi pe fondul men\u0163inerii taxei pe cifra de afaceri, \u00een pofida cre\u015fterii bazei de active. La nivelul sistemului bancar, rentabilitatea activelor este de 1,39%, \u00een timp ce rentabilitatea capitalului este de 14,12% la finele pri\u00admului trimestru din anul 2026.<\/p>

Aceast\u0103 solu\u0163ie legislativ\u0103 de taxare discriminatorie produce un impact negativ asupra stabilit\u0103\u0163ii financiare, afect\u00e2nd rezilien\u0163a unor institu\u0163ii de credit \u015fi capacitatea acestora de a finan\u0163a economia, fiind contraproductiv\u0103 pentru economia na\u0163ional\u0103. \u00cen anumite cazuri, cota efectiv\u0103 de taxare, cumul\u00e2nd taxa pe cifra de afaceri cu impozitul pe profit, poate dep\u0103\u015fi 50%.<\/p>

Reducerea capacit\u0103\u0163ii de capitalizare afecteaz\u0103 direct creditarea economiei na\u0163ionale \u015fi rezilien\u0163a \u00een fa\u0163a crizelor. De remarcat c\u0103 cel pu\u0163in 50% din profiturile ob\u0163inute de institu\u0163iile de credit au fost direc\u0163ionate c\u0103tre consolidarea capitaliz\u0103rii, tocmai ca s\u0103 poat\u0103 finan\u0163a economia. Sistemul bancar are o solvabilitate ridicat\u0103, de trei ori peste minimul solicitat.<\/p>

Mitul dob\u00e2nzilor ridicate la credite<\/strong><\/p>

Perspectivele de rating suveran r\u0103m\u00e2n negative din partea agen\u0163iilor de rating, fiind reflectate astfel riscurile fiscale \u015fi dezechilibrele macroeconomice. Aceast\u0103 perspectiv\u0103 negativ\u0103 se traduce printr-o prim\u0103 de risc mai ridicat\u0103 \u015fi presiuni asupra randamentelor titlurilor de stat.<\/p>

Rom\u00e2nia este statul cu ratingul cu perspectiv\u0103 negativ\u0103 plasat cu o treapt\u0103 peste categoria junk, cu deficitele gemene cele mai ridicate din Uniunea European\u0103, cu o rat\u0103 a infla\u0163iei de aproape 11%, cu rata dob\u00e2nzii de politic\u0103 monetar\u0103 de 6,5% \u015fi cu un cost al riscului \u00een cre\u015ftere. To\u0163i ace\u015fti factori influen\u0163eaz\u0103 costul creditelor, lista nefiind exhaustiv\u0103 pentru c\u0103 intr\u0103 \u00een calcul \u015fi garan\u0163iile, \u00eemp\u0103r\u0163irea riscului, neperforman\u0163a sectorului finan\u0163at etc..<\/p>

Dac\u0103 o banc\u0103 ar avea nevoie ast\u0103zi de lichiditate pe termen scurt \u015fi ar apela la facilitatea de creditare Lombard de la Banca Na\u0163ional\u0103, costul ar fi de 7,5%. \u00cen luna mai 2026, dob\u00e2nda anual\u0103 efectiv\u0103 medie (DAE) era de 6,44% la creditele noi pentru locuin\u0163e, iar la creditul de consum, DAE medie era de 10,27%. \u00cen cele dou\u0103 situa\u0163ii se observ\u0103 c\u0103 dob\u00e2nda efectiv\u0103 anual\u0103 medie se situa sub rata infla\u0163iei, din luna mai 2026, care este de 10,85%.<\/p>

M\u0103surile trebuie axate pe reducerea deficitului bugetar, a deficitului de cont curent \u015fi a ratei infla\u0163iei, care s\u0103 permit\u0103 ajustarea dob\u00e2nzii de politic\u0103 monetar\u0103, \u015fi pe asigurarea \u015fi men\u0163inerea stabilit\u0103\u0163ii politice \u015fi guvernamentale pentru a ob\u0163ine m\u0103car o perspectiv\u0103 favorabil\u0103 a ratingului \u00eentr-o prim\u0103 etap\u0103. Dac\u0103 bonitatea statului se \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u0163e\u015fte, popula\u0163ia, companiile \u015fi guvernul se vor putea \u00eemprumuta la dob\u00e2nzi mai reduse, dar nu automat.<\/p>

Mitul privind manipularea dob\u00e2nzilor<\/strong><\/p>

Subiectul zilei pentru sistemul bancar nu este la prima sa itera\u0163ie. Acuzarea siste\u00admului bancar privind manipularea ROBOR este deja un mit. Asocia\u0163ia Rom\u00e2n\u0103 a B\u0103ncilor a comunicat deja c\u0103 rezolu\u0163ia Consiliului Concuren\u0163ei repre\u00adzint\u0103 o pro\u00adblem\u0103 de securitate juridic\u0103, predictibilitate economic\u0103 \u015fi de credibilitate a statului ro\u00adm\u00e2n. B\u0103ncile, la nivel indivi\u00addual, au anun\u0163at c\u0103 vor utiliza instrumentele legale dispo\u00adnibile pentru a contracara efectele acestei decizii pe care o consider\u0103 profund eronat\u0103.<\/p>

ROBOR are rol principal \u00een transmisia politicii monetare \u015fi a fost folosit la credita\u00adrea \u00een lei a persoanelor fizice, p\u00e2n\u0103 la data de 2 mai 2019 \u2013 c\u00e2nd a fost stabilit IRCC ca nou indice pentru \u00eemprumuturile \u00een lei cu dob\u00e2nd\u0103 variabil\u0103 \u2013, \u015fi la finan\u0163area persoanelor juridice.<\/p>

Procedura de fixing a ROBOR implic\u0103 un anumit grad de transparen\u0163\u0103 a cota\u0163iilor indi\u00adviduale ale participan\u0163ilor. Aceast\u0103 transpa\u00adren\u0163\u0103 este stabilit\u0103 prin reglemen\u00adt\u0103rile B\u0103ncii Na\u0163ionale, care este organi\u00adzator al pie\u0163ei monetare interbancare. Norma 4\/1995 privind func\u0163ionarea pie\u0163ei monetare \u015fi regulile privind stabilirea ratelor de referin\u0163\u0103 ROBID \u015fi ROBOR instituie \u00een sarcina participan\u0163ilor la fixing obliga\u0163ii ferme de cotare, de transparen\u0163\u0103 \u015fi de integritate a contribu\u0163iilor transmise.<\/p>

Asocia\u0163ia Rom\u00e2n\u0103 a B\u0103ncilor a solicitat public explica\u0163ii concrete privind reglemen-t\u0103\u00adrile \u00eenc\u0103lcate, care au fost mecanismele prin care s-a produs distorsionarea pie\u0163ei, discu\u0163iile concrete considerate \u201eincrimi-natoare\u201c \u015fi cum s-a ajuns la \u00eenc\u0103lcarea autonomiei institu\u0163ionale a BNR. Factorii care influen\u0163eaz\u0103 evolu\u0163ia ROBOR sunt lega\u0163i direct de dezechilibrele macroecono\u00admice (deficitul bugetar \u015fi deficitul de cont curent), de nivelul ratei infla\u0163iei \u015fi al dob\u00e2nzii de politic\u0103 monetar\u0103, de necesarul de lichiditate, percep\u0163ia agen\u0163iilor de rating \u015fi a finan\u0163atorilor \u00een general, precum \u015fi instabilita\u00adtea politic\u0103 \u015fi guvernamental\u0103.<\/p>

\u00cen acest moment, instan\u0163a este singura care mai poate face dreptate. Dar r\u0103m\u00e2ne \u00een\u00adtre\u00adbarea: cine pl\u0103te\u015fte? Nu doar pentru afec\u00adtarea imaginii \u015fi rezilien\u0163ei sistemului bancar \u015fi pentru pierderile generate p\u00e2n\u0103 la pro\u00adnun\u0163area definitiv\u0103 a instan\u0163elor, ci \u015fi pentru degradarea stabilit\u0103\u0163ii financiare na\u00ad\u0163io\u00adnale cu consecin\u0163ele directe \u015fi indi\u00adrecte. \u015ei m\u0103 opresc aici din motive de pru\u00adden\u0163\u0103, av\u00e2nd \u00een vedere c\u0103 perspectiva e deja negativ\u0103.\u00a0<\/p>

Mitul c\u0103 b\u0103ncile nu acord\u0103 suficiente credite sau finan\u0163eaz\u0103 doar statul<\/strong><\/p>

Exist\u0103 o predispozi\u0163ie s\u0103 se analizeze doar soldul creditului neguvernamental atunci c\u00e2nd se discut\u0103 despre activitatea de creditare. Soldul creditului neguvernamen\u00adtal se cifra la 465 miliarde lei la finele lunii mai 2026, \u00een cre\u015ftere cu 7,7% \u00een ritm anual. Soldul creditului neguvernamental se calcu\u00adleaz\u0103 ca diferen\u0163a dintre totalul creditelor noi acordate popula\u0163iei \u015fi companiilor \u015fi ramburs\u0103rile par\u0163iale \u015fi totale, precum \u015fi v\u00e2nz\u0103rile de credite. Numai \u00een anul 2025 valoarea creditelor noi acordate de b\u0103ncile din Rom\u00e2nia s-a cifrat la 203,6 miliarde lei, \u00een cre\u015ftere cu 12,4% comparativ cu anul 2024. Dac\u0103 analiz\u0103m perioada 2020-2025, valoarea creditelor noi accesate de popula\u0163ie \u015fi companii de la b\u0103nci se ridic\u0103 la 845 miliarde lei, aproape dubl\u0103 fa\u0163\u0103 de soldul creditului neguvernamental. \u00cen prezent, crean\u0163ele guvernamentale repre\u00adzint\u0103 27,6%, ceea ce relev\u0103 rolul important al sistemului bancar rom\u00e2nesc \u00een finan\u0163area statului, dar \u015fi a economiei reale.<\/p>

Factorii care influen\u0163eaz\u0103 creditarea includ evolu\u0163iile economice \u00een plan intern \u015fi interna\u0163ional, stabilitatea sistemului bancar, lichiditatea \u015fi rata de neperforman\u0163\u0103, evolu\u0163ia infla\u0163iei, a dob\u00e2nzilor \u015fi a cursului de schimb, cadrul legislativ \u015fi de regle\u00admentare, nivelul maturit\u0103\u0163ii resurselor financiare, birocra\u0163ia versus gradul de digi\u00adtalizare \u015fi automatizare, nivelul educa\u0163iei financiare \u015fi \u00eenclina\u0163ia \u015fi capacitatea clien\u00ad\u0163ilor de a se \u00eemprumuta. Dac\u0103 analiz\u0103m capacitatea popula\u0163iei \u015fi a companiilor de a se \u00eemprumuta, constat\u0103m c\u0103 Rom\u00e2nia se confrunt\u0103 cu probleme structurale legate de ponderea ridicat\u0103 a economiei subterane, evolu\u0163ia demografic\u0103 nefavorabil\u0103, inclu-derea redus\u0103 a persoanelor \u00een c\u00e2mpul mun-cii, disparit\u0103\u0163i legate de venituri, producti-vitatea muncii redus\u0103 \u00een raport cu media UE, ponderea crescut\u0103 a companiilor subcapitalizate, creditul comercial ridicat etc. Impactul este deja relevant. Inter-medierea financiar\u0103, calculat\u0103 ca pondere a creditului neguvernamental \u00een PIB, a ajuns la 22% la finele primului trimestru din anul 2026, aproape la jum\u0103tate fa\u0163\u0103 de anul 2010.<\/p>

Economia gri ocup\u0103 o pondere estimat\u0103 de 26% din PIB \u00een Rom\u00e2nia, ceea ce inhib\u0103 capacitatea statului de a colecta venituri \u015fi de a furniza servicii publice de calitate.<\/p>

Problematica demografic\u0103 se plaseaz\u0103, la r\u00e2ndul ei, \u00een topul aspectelor care afecteaz\u0103 negativ dezvoltarea economic\u0103, sarcina fiscal\u0103 pe munc\u0103 \u00een Rom\u00e2nia fiind printre cele mai ridicate din Uniunea European\u0103. Un sfert din for\u0163a de munc\u0103 activ\u0103 a p\u0103r\u0103sit Rom\u00e2nia, la nivel na\u0163ional deja \u00een 25 de jude\u0163e din 41 num\u0103rul pensionarilor este mai ridicat comparativ cu num\u0103rul angaja\u0163ilor, iar rata tinerilor necuprin\u015fi \u00een educa\u0163ie, ocupare sau instru-ire a ajuns la 19,2% \u00een anul 2025. Mai exist\u0103 \u015fi disparit\u0103\u0163ile regionale ample cu care se confrunt\u0103 Rom\u00e2nia \u00een privin\u0163a veniturilor pe cap de locuitor. \u00cen 2025, Rom\u00e2nia se situeaz\u0103 pe locul trei \u00een Uniunea Euro-pean\u0103 din perpectiva ratei de s\u0103r\u0103cie \u015fi excluziune social\u0103, cu o pondere de 27,4%, dup\u0103 Bulgaria \u015fi Grecia.<\/p>

\u00cen zona companiilor, o penetrare mai ampl\u0103 a finan\u0163\u0103rii bancare este limitat\u0103 pe fondul unei ponderi importante a companiilor subcapitalizate, iar expunerea la creditul comercial este ridicat\u0103 \u015fi supune companiile unui risc suplimentar. Produc\u00adtivi\u00adtatea medie a IMM-urilor, calculat\u0103 ca valoare ad\u0103ugat\u0103 pe fiecare angajat, este la jum\u0103tate fa\u0163\u0103 de media Uniunii Europene, \u00een timp ce disponibilitatea for\u0163ei de munc\u0103 calificat\u0103 reprezint\u0103 o problem\u0103 presant\u0103.<\/p>

Mitul privind incluziunea financiar\u0103<\/strong><\/p>

\u00cen Rom\u00e2nia, unde pia\u0163a combin\u0103 adop\u0163ia digital\u0103 rapid\u0103 cu incluziunea financiar\u0103 \u00eenc\u0103 redus\u0103, valoarea se va muta c\u0103tre actorii care pot combina accesul digital, protec\u0163ia antifraud\u0103 \u015fi soliditatea reglementat\u0103. Rom\u00e2nia se afl\u0103 \u00een fa\u0163a unei corec\u0163ii necesare privind incluziunea financiar\u0103 \u00eenc\u0103 redus\u0103, preferin\u0163a puternic\u0103 pentru cash, economia informal\u0103 semnifi\u00adcativ\u0103 \u015fi competen\u0163e digitale sc\u0103zute.<\/p>

Incluziunea financiar\u0103 este undeva sub 75% \u00een Rom\u00e2nia, dar teoria legat\u0103 de comisioane nu se sus\u0163ine pentru c\u0103 b\u0103ncile au produse \u015fi servicii accesibile, tocmai pentru a extinde baza de clien\u0163i.<\/p>

Mai mult, contul de pl\u0103\u0163i de baz\u0103 este gratuit, adic\u0103 f\u0103r\u0103 comisioane. Rom\u00e2nia r\u0103m\u00e2ne una dintre economiile europene cu dependen\u0163\u0103 ridicat\u0103 de numerar, iar cash-ul nu este doar o preferin\u0163\u0103 de plat\u0103, ci \u015fi un simptom al excluziunii sociale \u015fi digitale \u015fi al economiei informale.<\/p>

De cele mai multe ori, miturile se propag\u0103 pe fondul unui nivel redus al educa\u0163iei economico-financiare \u015fi pentru s\u0103 se analizeaz\u0103 doar la suprafa\u0163\u0103 efectul \u015fi nu se trateaz\u0103 cauza problemelor, uneori inten\u0163ionat. Rom\u00e2nia este un stat cu un poten\u0163ial ridicat de dezvoltare, trebuie doar ca deciden\u0163ii s\u0103 conlucreze constructiv cu mediul de afaceri.<\/p>

Surs\u0103: aici<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

De peste un sfert de secol citesc zilnic informa\u0163ii despre sistemul bancar \u015fi de fiecare dat\u0103 am tratat cu obiectivitate acest subiect. B\u0103ncile contribuie la dezvoltarea economiei \u015fi la cre\u015fterea bun\u0103st\u0103rii economice la nivel individual \u015fi comunitar \u00eens\u0103, de multe ori, sunt propagate \u00een spa\u0163iul public informa\u0163ii \u015fi mituri care deformeaz\u0103 adev\u0103rul \u015fi distorsioneaz\u0103 percep\u0163iile […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":3686911,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[8],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3686912","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-aparitii-media"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nMituri despre sistemul bancar - Asocia\u021bia Rom\u00e2n\u0103 a B\u0103ncilor (ARB)<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.arb.ro\/en\/mituri-despre-sistemul-bancar\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Mituri despre sistemul bancar - Asocia\u021bia Rom\u00e2n\u0103 a B\u0103ncilor (ARB)\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"De peste un sfert de secol citesc zilnic informa\u0163ii despre sistemul bancar \u015fi de fiecare dat\u0103 am tratat cu obiectivitate acest subiect. 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