{"id":3685175,"date":"2025-08-20T17:18:40","date_gmt":"2025-08-20T14:18:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.arb.ro\/?p=3685175"},"modified":"2026-01-05T12:44:01","modified_gmt":"2026-01-05T10:44:01","slug":"creditarea-in-cerc-vicios-pe-fondul-problemelor-structurale-din-economie-de-ce-bancile-nu-acorda-mai-multe-credite-si-de-ce-companiile-nu-apeleaza-la-credit-in-activitatea-lor","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.arb.ro\/en\/creditarea-in-cerc-vicios-pe-fondul-problemelor-structurale-din-economie-de-ce-bancile-nu-acorda-mai-multe-credite-si-de-ce-companiile-nu-apeleaza-la-credit-in-activitatea-lor\/","title":{"rendered":"Creditarea, \u00een cerc vicios pe fondul problemelor structurale din economie. De ce b\u0103ncile nu acord\u0103 mai multe credite \u015fi de ce companiile nu apeleaz\u0103 la credit \u00een activitatea lor?"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\u201e\u00centre factorii care influen\u0163eaz\u0103 creditarea se reg\u0103sesc evolu\u0163iile economice \u00een plan intern \u015fi interna\u0163ional, stabilitatea sistemului bancar, lichiditatea \u015fi rata de neperforman\u0163\u0103, evolu\u0163ia ratei infla\u0163iei, a dob\u00e2nzilor \u015fi a cursului de schimb, cadrul legislativ \u015fi de reglementare, maturitatea resurselor financiare, birocra\u0163ia versus gradul de digitalizare \u015fi automatizare, nivelul educa\u0163iei financiare \u015fi \u00eenclina\u0163ia \u015fi capacitatea clien\u0163ilor de a se \u00eemprumuta.\u201c<\/strong><\/p>

\"\"<\/p>

Gabriela Folcu\u0163, director executiv, Asocia\u0163ia Rom\u00e2n\u0103 a B\u0103ncilor<\/em><\/p>

Gradul de intermediere finan\u00adciar\u0103, calculat ca pondere a creditului neguvernamental \u00een PIB, s-a situat la 24% \u00een anul 2024, \u00een sc\u0103dere fa\u0163\u0103 de nivelul de 40% din anul 2010. Intermedierea financiar\u0103 este de cel pu\u0163in trei ori mai redus\u0103 comparativ cu media UE, de aproape 90%. Rom\u00e2nia se men\u0163ine pe ultima pozi\u0163ie \u00een topul UE \u00een ceea ce prive\u015fte gradul de intermediere financiar\u0103, \u00een pofida eforturilor b\u0103ncilor de a-\u015fi cre\u015fte cota de pia\u0163\u0103 \u00eentr-un ritm \u015fi mai alert.<\/p>

Dup\u0103 criza financiar\u0103 din anii 2008-2010, legislatorii \u015fi reglemen\u00adtatorii europeni s-au axat pe cre\u015fterea rezilien\u0163ei b\u0103ncilor, cu plu\u00adsurile \u015fi constr\u00e2ngerile de rigoare. Cert este c\u0103, la nivelul Uniunii Europene, intermedierea financiar\u0103 nebancar\u0103 este \u00een cre\u015ftere, dar aceasta nu \u00eenseamn\u0103 c\u0103 nu comport\u0103 riscuri pentru stabilitatea financiar\u0103.<\/p>

\u00cen analiza activit\u0103\u0163ii de creditare a economiei reale trebuie s\u0103 lu\u0103m \u00een calcul soldul creditului neguverna\u00admental acordat popula\u0163iei \u015fi com\u00adpaniilor, dar \u015fi valoarea creditelor noi accesate. Soldul creditului negu\u00advernamental s-a cifrat la 431,75 mi\u00adliarde lei \u00een luna mai 2025, \u00een cre\u015ftere cu 9,7% fa\u0163\u0103 de luna mai 2024. Dac\u0103 analiz\u0103m valoarea creditelor noi acordate \u00een perioada 2020-2024, aceasta se ridic\u0103 la 640 mld. lei, aici fiind \u00eenregistrate \u015fi refinan\u0163\u0103rile. \u00cen primele 5 luni ale anului 2025, valoarea creditelor noi acordate s-a cifrat la 80,4 miliarde lei, \u00een cre\u015ftere cu 23% comparativ cu perioada similar\u0103 a anului trecut. Popula\u0163ia a accesat o pondere de 58% din \u00eemprumuturi, iar com\u00adpaniile 42%. \u00cen trecut, companiile au fost motorul credit\u0103rii p\u00e2n\u0103 la un punct.<\/p>

Ne putem uita la b\u0103nci pentru r\u0103spunsuri, dar acolo exist\u0103 dorin\u0163\u0103 puternic\u0103 \u015fi capacitate de finan\u0163are. Indicatorul de solvabilitate a fost de aproape 25% \u00een luna decembrie 2024, raportul credite acor\u00addate\/depozite atrase este 67,54%, iar indicatorul de acoperire a necesarului de lichiditate este mult peste media Uniunii Europene. Rata creditelor neperformante este la un nivel sc\u0103zut, \u00eens\u0103 are o tendin\u0163\u0103 de cre\u015ftere, fiind de 2,62% \u00een luna aprilie 2025. Estim\u0103m o cre\u015ftere a costului riscului \u00een perioada urm\u0103toare.<\/p>

\u015ei totu\u015fi, ce \u00eentre\u0163ine cercul vicios al vulnerabilit\u0103\u0163ilor struc\u00adturale existente \u00een economia na\u0163ional\u0103? Poate fi alta situa\u0163ia c\u00e2nd Rom\u00e2nia se situeaz\u0103 pe primele pozi\u0163ii \u00een clasamentele europene, din p\u0103cate cu repere negative precum deficitul bugetar, rata infla\u0163iei, rata de s\u0103r\u0103cie \u015fi excluziune social\u0103 etc.?<\/p>

\u00centre factorii care influen\u0163eaz\u0103 creditarea se reg\u0103sesc evolu\u0163iile economice \u00een plan intern \u015fi interna\u0163ional, stabilitatea sistemului bancar, lichiditatea \u015fi rata de neperforman\u0163\u0103, evolu\u0163ia ratei infla\u0163iei, a dob\u00e2nzilor \u015fi a cursului de schimb, cadrul legislativ \u015fi de reglementare, maturitatea resurselor financiare, birocra\u0163ia versus gradul de digitalizare \u015fi automatizare, nivelul educa\u0163iei financiare \u015fi \u00eenclina\u0163ia \u015fi capacitatea clien\u0163ilor de a se \u00eemprumuta.<\/p>

Rom\u00e2nia se eviden\u0163ieaz\u0103 ca fiind statul din UE cu deficitele gemene cele mai ridicate. M\u0103surile fiscale implementate \u00een mai multe runde au rolul de a corecta deficitul bugetar, \u00eens\u0103 pentru reducerea problemelor structurale care afecteaz\u0103 economia este necesar\u0103 o ambi\u0163ie mare. Dac\u0103 \u015fi cheltuirea banului public a intrat sub lupa autorit\u0103\u0163ilor \u015fi trebuie s\u0103 r\u0103m\u00e2n\u0103 permanent a\u015fa, \u00een economie persist\u0103 problematicile structurale legate de ponderea economiei subterane de 26% din PIB, capacitatea sc\u0103zut\u0103 a unor companii de a se dezvolta \u015fi de a contribui la dezvoltarea economic\u0103 \u015fi aspectele legate de demografie.<\/p>

Impulsionarea conform\u0103rii fiscale prin toate mijloacele, prioritizarea popririi doar la sursa pl\u0103titorului (angajator, Casa de pensii etc.), \u00eenrolarea administra\u0163iilor locale \u2013 taxe \u015fi impozite la sistemul electronic de popriri, controale adecvate pentru combaterea economiei subterane, verificarea companiilor s\u0103 nu mai existe semnale de la angaja\u0163ii ANAF c\u0103 nu sunt l\u0103sa\u0163i s\u0103 efectueze controale la unele companii etc., acestea sunt doar c\u00e2teva dintre aspectele care trebuie avute \u00een vedere. \u015ei, \u00een paralel, trebuie ca statul s\u0103 nu abuzeze atunci c\u00e2nd controleaz\u0103 companiile.<\/p>

M\u0103surile fiscale recent anun\u0163ate au ca efecte \u015fi cre\u015fterea ratei infla\u0163iei, cel pu\u0163in o \u00eencetinire a economiei sau chiar recesiune \u015fi o capacitate mai redus\u0103 a unor b\u0103nci de a finan\u0163a economia ca urmare a tax\u0103rii acestora \u015fi \u00een func\u0163ie de cifra de afaceri. \u00cen trecut, aproximativ 60% din profiturile ob\u0163inute de b\u0103nci au fost direc\u0163ionate \u00een capitalizarea suplimentar\u0103 \u015fi astfel a crescut capacitatea institu\u0163iilor de credit de a finan\u0163a companiile, popula\u0163ia \u015fi statul rom\u00e2n.<\/p>

Rom\u00e2nia are nevoie de statutul de \u0163ar\u0103 recomandat\u0103 pentru investi\u0163ii \u015fi de o rat\u0103 a infla\u0163iei c\u00e2t mai sc\u0103zut\u0103. Un rating bun asociat Rom\u00e2niei se poate ob\u0163ine prin stabilitate politic\u0103 \u015fi guvernamental\u0103, prin corectarea dezechilibrelor macroeconomice \u015fi prin men\u0163inerea stabilit\u0103\u0163ii financiare. Toate acestea, al\u0103turi de o infla\u0163ie \u00een sc\u0103dere, ar asigura costuri de \u00eemprumut mai reduse pentru companii, popula\u0163ie \u015fi stat. Rom\u00e2nia poate atinge acest deziderat pe termen mediu \u015fi lung. Costurile la care ne \u00eemprumut\u0103m sunt \u00een func\u0163ie de prima de risc a Rom\u00e2niei, de rata infla\u0163iei \u015fi dob\u00e2nda de politic\u0103 monetar\u0103, de nivelul dob\u00e2nzilor pl\u0103tite la depozite, de costul neperfor\u00adman\u0163ei etc.<\/p>

Un alt factor men\u0163ionat care influen\u0163eaz\u0103 activitatea de creditare \u015fi pe care aleg s\u0103-l dezvolt este legat de capacitatea clien\u0163ilor de a se \u00eemprumuta.<\/p>

\u00cen Rom\u00e2nia sunt 876.813 companii de tip micro cu p\u00e2n\u0103 la 9 angaja\u0163i maxim, iar acestea reprezint\u0103 94,2% dintre toate companiile. Valoarea ad\u0103ugat\u0103 pe care o genereaz\u0103 \u00een economie este de 26,2%. Urm\u0103toarea categorie, companiile mici, ocup\u0103 o pondere de 4,9% \u00een num\u0103rul total de firme \u015fi valoarea ad\u0103ugat\u0103 pe care o genereaz\u0103 este de 18,9%. Companiile medii de\u0163in 0,8% din felia num\u0103rului de companii \u015fi valoarea ad\u0103ugat\u0103 pe care o genereaz\u0103 este de 15,4%. Companiile mari reprezint\u0103 doar 0,2% ca num\u0103r, dar ca valoarea ad\u0103ugat\u0103 \u00eenseamn\u0103 39,5%.<\/p>

O treime din companiile din Rom\u00e2nia au capitaluri negative, ceea ce \u00eenseamn\u0103 dificult\u0103\u0163i de finan\u0163are \u015fi dezvoltare cu afectarea productivit\u0103\u0163ii. Solu\u0163ia este aplicarea legii \u00een ceea ce prive\u015fte capitalizarea, mai ales c\u0103 Legea 31\/1990 prevede sanc\u0163iuni pentru companiile subcapitalizate. Productivitatea medie a IMM-urilor, calculat\u0103 ca valoare ad\u0103ugat\u0103 pe fiecare angajat este la jum\u0103tate fa\u0163\u0103 de media Uniunii Europene, 26.600 euro versus 54.500 euro. Cre\u015fterea productivit\u0103\u0163ii IMM-urilor este crucial\u0103 pentru progresul economiei rom\u00e2ne\u015fti. Valoarea ad\u0103ugat\u0103 per angajat \u00een companiile mari este cu 72% mai mare dec\u00e2t \u00een IMM-uri.<\/p>

\u00cen Rom\u00e2nia, companiile nefinanciare se finan\u0163eaz\u0103 prioritar din fonduri interne (79%) \u015fi credite de la ac\u0163ionari (20%). Expunerea ridicat\u0103 la creditul comercial (raportul credit comercial\/ credit bancar este de 2\/1) este un alt factor care supune companiile unui risc suplimentar. Creditul comercial este accesat de 15% dintre firme.<\/p>

Accesul la finan\u0163are este una dintre cel mai pu\u0163in presante probleme pentru companii, ocup\u00e2nd locul 9 \u00een top 10 probleme identificate de societ\u0103\u0163ile comerciale. \u00cen topul problemelor presante, companiile men\u0163ioneaz\u0103 costurile de produc\u0163ie \u015fi cu for\u0163a de munc\u0103, problemele fiscale sau legate de reglement\u0103ri\/ legisla\u0163ie aplicabile firmei, concuren\u0163a \u015fi disponibilitatea for\u0163ei de munc\u0103 bine preg\u0103tite.<\/p>

Ponderea solicit\u0103rilor de credit respinse este de 5% \u00een r\u00e2ndul companiilor, aspectele care au determinat refuzul fiind legate de performan\u0163ele financiare neadecvate \u015fi garan\u0163iile insuficiente. \u00cen acest procent se reg\u0103sesc \u015fi firmele care au primit o sum\u0103 mai mic\u0103 \u015fi au refuzat accesarea creditului. B\u0103ncile doresc s\u0103 majoreze creditarea, dar trebuie companii bancabile care s\u0103 aib\u0103 capacitatea de a rambursa creditul.<\/p>

Pe segmentul popula\u0163iei a existat o cre\u015ftere a cererii, dar \u015fi acolo problema demografiei este structural\u0103 \u015fi se vede la contribu\u0163ia bugetului, la creditare \u015fi, \u00een timp, la sustenabilitatea sistemului de pensii.<\/p>

\u00cen Rom\u00e2nia sunt deja 25 de jude\u0163e din 41, \u00een care num\u0103rul pensionarilor este mai ridicat comparativ cu num\u0103rul angaja\u0163ilor. \u00cen timp, cre\u015fte presiunea exercitat\u0103 asupra angaja\u0163ilor, dar \u015fi asupra serviciilor sociale \u015fi resurselor. Oficial, Rom\u00e2nia are 5,16 mi\u00adlioane salaria\u0163i.<\/p>

Al doilea aspect este conectat de propor\u0163ia ridicat\u0103 de emigran\u0163i, \u00een condi\u0163iile \u00een care \u00eenainte de pandemie 25% din for\u0163a de munc\u0103 activ\u0103 a p\u0103r\u0103sit Rom\u00e2nia. Rom\u00e2nia are o propor\u0163ie ridicat\u0103 de tineri \u015fi femei care nu lucreaz\u0103. \u00cen Rom\u00e2nia, rata tinerilor necuprin\u015fi \u00een educa\u0163ie, ocupare sau instruire a ajuns la 19,3% \u00een 2023. Rom\u00e2nia se pozi\u0163ioneaz\u0103 pe locul \u00eent\u00e2i \u00een UE din perspectiva ratei de s\u0103r\u0103cie \u015fi excluziune social\u0103, de 32%. Pe l\u00e2ng\u0103 disparit\u0103\u0163ile regionale ample cu care se confrunt\u0103 Rom\u00e2nia \u00een privin\u0163a veniturilor pe cap de locuitor, fiind diferen\u0163e zonale inclusiv duble la venituri, mai r\u0103m\u00e2ne problematica legat\u0103 de corelarea \u00eentre competen\u0163ele for\u0163ei de munc\u0103 \u015fi cerin\u0163ele economiei.<\/p>

Dup\u0103 intrarea \u00een vigoare a noilor m\u0103suri fiscale este a\u015fteptat\u0103 o temperare a ritmului de cre\u015ftere privind creditarea. Cre\u015fterea TVA \u00een general, dar \u015fi la locuin\u0163e \u00een special, va avea un impact \u00een creditare. R\u0103m\u00e2ne de v\u0103zut evolu\u0163ia credit\u0103rii \u00een condi\u0163iile \u00een care sunt mai mul\u0163i factori care o influen\u0163eaz\u0103: ratingul Rom\u00e2niei, evolu\u0163ia economic\u0103, cre\u015fterea pre\u0163urilor, nivelul dob\u00e2nzilor, dar \u015fi \u00eencrederea popula\u0163iei \u015fi a companiilor.<\/p>

Astfel arat\u0103 cercul vicios al vulnerabilit\u0103\u0163ilor structurale din economia na\u0163ional\u0103, care afecteaz\u0103 inclusiv creditarea.<\/p>

Sus\u0163inem o abordare strategic\u0103 a problematicilor structurale care impacteaz\u0103 economia Rom\u00e2niei \u015fi consider\u0103m esen\u0163ial\u0103 implicarea exper\u0163ilor la conceperea \u015fi implementarea unei strategii na\u0163ionale de finan\u0163are a economiei reale \u015fi de majorare a exporturilor prin cre\u015fterea capacit\u0103\u0163ii de produc\u0163ie la nivel na\u0163ional. Este \u015fansa pe care o avem s\u0103 transform\u0103m cercul vicios \u00een cercul virtuos pentru cre\u015fterea bun\u0103st\u0103rii economice individuale \u015fi a economiei Rom\u00e2niei \u00een ansamblu.<\/p>

Sursa: aici<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Gabriela Folcu\u021b, Director Executiv Asocia\u021bia Rom\u00e2n\u0103 a B\u0103ncilor, BURSA – SUPLIMENT EDUCA\u021aIA \u2013 13 septembrie 2022<\/p>","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":3685177,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[8],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3685175","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-aparitii-media"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nCreditarea, \u00een cerc vicios pe fondul problemelor structurale din economie. 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